Chinas Relationship with North Korea

Chinas Relationship with North Korea Table of Contents: Introduction Hypothesis statement Research Questions Literature Review Theoretical framework (Defensive Realism-Kenneth Waltz) Sino-Korean alliance Mutual gain between China and North Korea Beijing’s influence Conclusion Introduction: North Korea is the state that is being considered as the most isolated state in the world. China is the only state that is supporting North Korea since Korean War. At the period of Korean War USSR and China backed North Korea. South Korea and North Korea are on the same peninsula whereas; North Korea shares its borders with China, Russia, Japan and Mongolia but does not have good relations with any state except China. Trade impediments have been put on North Korea but China supported them throughout and acknowledged as the biggest trade partner of North Korea. During the Korean War, Soviet Union provided military assistance to North Korea but circumstances are quite different now. As we are living in unipolar world and US is the super power, China is threat to US because of its emerging economic and military power. US supported South Korea in Korean War and they still have ample relations with each other. The reason of fragmentation of Korea is shift in ideology, North Korea was a Co mmunist state and that is again a threat to US because US didn’t want several states that follow Communism. On the other hand China was and still is a Communist state and a cause of having a soft corner for North Korea. South Korea is the Democratic state and has been backed by US. [1] China is aiding Pyongyang in terms of both soft power and hard power but does not want them to have their own military weapon. Proliferation of Nuclear weapon may lead towards unhealthy relations between China and North Korea and off course US silently supporting this particular act of China against North Korea. From 2006-2013 Pyongyang’s tried Nuclear Tests for the three times but it turned relations in tensed situation and settled afterwards when North Korea agreed on denuclearization at Six Table Talks. For now North Korea does not afford disturbed relations with China because it’s the only state that is providing economic and military trade to them. When Korea split North Korea had better economy and GDP than South Korea but now South Korea is more developed and flourished because of Democracy and support of US whereas North Korea being the follower of Communism and have Dictatorship has poor economy plus have non friendly relations with its neighbors. [2] Hypothesis: North Koreas alliance is important to Beijing as an important tool of balancing power in the region with the US its allies, especially South Korea rising Japan. Research Questions: The purpose of the study is to find out the answers of these questions: Why North Korea is important for China in the regional context of Asia Pacific? Will Sino-Korean alliance be able to balance power with the United States its allies in the region? What is the Western Perception of Sino-Korean alliance? Literature review: As China and North Korea’s relationship is one of the ongoing debates for the world since Korean War so scholars like to write about it and by giving different analysis on the particular issue makes the topic more interesting. The Congressional Report has been published on December 2010 by Dick. K. Nanto and Mark. E. Manyin. The main crux of the report was that US being the opponent of China still highlighted the mutual interests of China’s foreign policy towards North Korea. The reason behind that is China wants to see North Korea as a stabilized state in terms of strong economy but does not want North Korea to become a Nuclear power and this is the point where US is with China. The Book â€Å"North Korea and North East Asia† edited by Samuel. S Kim and Tai Hwan Lee talks about Beijing’s continuous support to Pyongyang is its own interest because if it will stop the economic assistance to North Korea, then the complete dependence on China would affect the economy of China as well. Weak economy of North Korea means less job opportunities and facilities of life. As North Koreans are not in good terms with their neighbors except China they will start moving towards it, this fear is making China to provide soft power to North Korea so they stay in their own state and not become the refuges of China. There is a report from Washington named as China’s North Korean Policy by Gates Bill published in 2011 and another report â€Å"Balancing Chinese interests on North Korea and Iran† by Lora Saalman (April 21013). In this report author has discussed that US, South Korea and Japan are allies but somehow they are agreeing on China’s foreign policy towards North Korea as it discussed about: To stable the regime and political system of North Korea Development of their economy A book called â€Å"China and North Korea† by Andrew Scobell has discussed what terror PRC and DPRK faced after 9/11. In China’s point of view after Iraq it was North Korea’s turn to be attacked by US so in that case it was imperative for both states to come together on one table and maintain their National Security, the article China’s North Korean Pivot published in 2013 by Yoon Young-Kwan added that China’s perception was that Pyongyang’s would agree on the issue of denuclearization when Prime Minister Wen Jibao visited North Korea in October 2009 and made sure the continuity of economic services. Theory: Defensive Realism-Kenneth Waltz In this study, I have applied the defensive realism school of thought. Defensive realist basically believes that power is the most important element in the international relations. Also, defensive realists argue that states are genuinely obsessed with security because they feel insecure and thus always seek to maximize its security capabilities. This is how China is developing and maintaining its relations with other states including North Korea in the region. China is insecure and doesn’t trust US and its allies, and with the growing US presence in the Asia Pacific region in return has increased China’s concerns, thus China is seeking to find a way to balance the power by supporting US rival North Korea. Sino-Korean alliance As it is observed that China is of the strongest allied state of North-Korea, few things are being come under consideration in last few years. Some tensions have been occurred between China and North Korea relationship due to continuous nuclear development by North Korea, China and US are on the same platform to stop North Korea to become a Nuclear power. It is thought that US partnership towards North East Asia is a gateway to bring stability in Korea peninsula. Since Obama’s pivot to Asia the previous policy (regional partnership) has been confronted, and the changing policy of US is creating suspicion among Chinese Government. North Korea’s approach is aggressive towards China and US, now North Korea is applying realistic approach as according to North Korea US is the only actor with maximum nuclear power and Pyongyang is trying to balance the power by developing their own Nuclear weapons. U.S-China policies are divergent in key areas such as anti-terror and anti WMD institutes, democracy and human rights. The U.S alliance system and the U.N system contribute on stable patterns of power balancing in Asia-Pacific. I conclude that Sino-U.S policies on the regional order result in patterns of power balancing not undermined by co-existence and order that may be called â€Å"Stable Instability†, because it is likely to remain in place as the regional order of the Asia-Pacific for the foreseeable future. Western perception of Sino-Korean alliance Since China is the biggest trade partner of North Korea but its policy towards denuclearization of North Korea is very clear and supports US on this particular issue. Though US consider China as a threat but also realize that China is only providing soft power to North Korea and has a very firm stance on the issue of denuclearization of North Korea. At the start of the Obama’s administration first term in 2009, there were many expectations that the United States must pursue direct talks with North Korea in order to break a two decade long standoff over its nuclear program. President Obama promised in his inaugural address that he would offer an outstretched hand to those who will unclench their fists. Making a public offer to dictatorial states of willingness to abandon adversarial relations.[3] However North Korea responded to this offer with a multi-stage rocket launch and a nuclear test in April and May 2009.These actions meant that president Obama’s first North Korea related policy decisions would be defined by the need to uphold the international non-proliferation regime against North Korea’s challenge and would involve winning international support for sanctions against North Korea at United Nations security council. The resulting UNSC resolution 1874 condemned North Korea’s nuclear and multi stage rocket tests and subjected suspected North Korea related shipments to international inspections. [4] By the time Obama’s administration had the political space to pursue direct dialogue with North Korea; it had decided on an approach that secretory of United State Clinton described as strategic pastime in close consultants with our six party allies. The emphasis alliances coordination has been the first principle of any Obama administration discussion policy towards North Korea and it was greatly aided by the fact that Obama and Lee Myung-bak (former ruler of South Asia) administrations largely saw eye to eye on the priority and importance of North Korea’s denuclearization.[5] The policy of â€Å"strategic patience†, a policy that suggested that the U.S could offend to wait for North Korea to make its decision to denuclearize, aligned well with political reality in light of North Korea’s alleged sinky of a Korean warship and shelling of South Korea’s Yeonpyeons Island in March and November 2010. The Obama administration held three rounds of direct talks with North Korean counterparts from July 2011 to February 2012. The U.S intended these statements to bind North Korea from provocative actions such as nuclear and missile tests and to secure Pyongyang’s commitment to return to the path of denuclearization, but they were upended less than three weeks after they were announced by North Korea’s March 16, 2012 announcement of its failed 12 April 2012 satellite launch. Thus, the Obama’s first term policy toward North Korea involved a mix of elements, including a strong commitment to coordination among some South Korean and Japanese allies, continued adherence to the objective of North Korea’s denuclearization. The Obama administration also involved a â€Å"rebalancing† policy towards Asia, popularly known as pivot to Asia. This policy strengthens U.S political, economic and military participation in and commitment to Asia, both through a host of bilateral dialogues with China that cover a wide range of economic and strategic issues and through a variety of hedging me asures designed to shape China’s rise, limit the affects of assertive Chinese policies and assure that China’s rise will not result in regional instability. This debate provides a backdrop to consider prospects for Sino-U.S cooperation on policy toward North Korea and highlights Chinese wariness and strategic mistrust of U.S policy intentions.[6] Mutual Gain North Korea is economically dependent on China. China is its major food source and the North Korea’s dependency on china is increasing day by day as its export is less than its import. It is not only North Korea that is benefitting from China but it’s a game of mutual gain North Korea is providing buffer zone between China and South Korea. More and more Chinese companies are investing in North Korea and gaining favorable interests. Importance of North Korea in Asia Pacific (China): Conclusion: China doesn’t believe in making alliances or allies. China only seeks mutual interests and cooperation amongst states. Also, China perceives a threat from US and its Allies and so in order to balance out, China has been supporting North Korea since the Korean War in early 1950s. Moreover, there has been a mutual gain relation between North Korea and China. North Korea’s economy is entirely dependent on China as China provided it with aid and energy supplies. Also, China is protecting and calming down its border against the Korean immigrants in China. However, China is surrounded by many challengers and so China sees North Korea as a buffer state against South Korea where 1000’s of US military troops are settled. Also, there has been a great number of investments and infra-structure building in North Korea by Chinese firms and companies. And in return China is extracting mineral resources from North Korea’s region. This way China is protecting and serving its own national interests while also helping out the North Korean interests and raising many of its people out of poverty. Bibliography A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013. Armenian, Red. Soviet-Empire.com. 26 January, 2011. http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?t=49753start=100 (accessed April 15, 2914). Dingli, Shen. Scribd. 2006. http://www.scribd.com/doc/85548815/Coping-With-a-Nuclear-North-Korea-and-North-Koreas-Strategic-Significance-to-China (accessed April 8, 2014). G.Sutter, Robert. Scribed. 2012. http://www.scribd.com/doc/101616305/Chinese-Foreign-Relations-Power-and-Policy-since-the-Cold-War (accessed April 16, 2014). Henderson, Barney. Sreaves32. March 29, 2013. https://sreaves32.wordpress.com/category/asiapacific/south-korea/page/6/ (accessed April 6, 2014). Meredith, Charlotte. Sreaves32. April 9, 2013. http://sreaves32.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/north-korea-to-launch-missile-april-10-2013-after-warning-foreigners-to-evacuate-south/ (accessed April 5, 2014). Newsreview.com. March 15, 2014. http://www.newsreview.com/reno/newsview/blogs?date=2013-09-01?utm_source=luvcelebs.com (accessed April 10, 2014). NORTH KOREA SAYS IT WILL LAUNCH A NUCLEAR ATTACK ON THE UNITED STATES. March 11, 2013. http://sreaves32.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/north-korea-says-it-will-launch-a-nuclear-attack-on-the-united-states/ (accessed April 9, 2014). Odgard, Liselotte. The Balance of Power in Asia-Pacific Security. Routledge, January 2007. shree Bajoria, Beina Xu. Council on Foreign Relations. Febuary 18, 2014. http://www.cfr.org/china/china-north-korea-relationship/p11097 (accessed April 10, 2014). Xu, Jayshree Bajoria and Beina. Indias Strategic Studies. Febuary 21, 2013. http://strategicstudyindia.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-china-north-korea-relationship_26.html (accessed April 16, 2014). [1] Dingli, Shen. Scribd. 2006. http://www.scribd.com/doc/85548815/Coping-With-a-Nuclear-North-Korea-and-North-Koreas-Strategic-Significance-to-China (accessed April 8, 2014). [2] Armenian, Red. Soviet-Empire.com. 26 January, 2011. http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?t=49753start=100 (accessed April 15, 2914). [3] A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013. [4] Henderson, Barney. Sreaves32. March 29, 2013. https://sreaves32.wordpress.com/category/asiapacific/south-korea/page/6/ (accessed April 6, 2014). [5] Newsreview.com. March 15, 2014. http://www.newsreview.com/reno/newsview/blogs?date=2013-09-01?utm_source=luvcelebs.com (accessed April 10, 2014). [6] A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013.

Is mankind responsible for global warming? Essay

Chanmok. (2007). Global Warming and Human Pollution. AuthorHouse. This book particularly identifies the issue of global warming, and how it has been allegedly related to the human activities that affect the environment. The said activities result to primarily pollution that affects the nature’s capability of balancing the elements of environment that actually generates the living system of humans on Earth. It also features different cases about the situation that makes it certain that humans do have a part on the greater development of global warming today and towards the future as well. For the research to be handled, this literature would be much helpful as it would introduce the different issues that bind the situation in connection with human activities affecting the environment. H. Liu. (2005). Human activities and global warming: a co-integration analysis [An article from: Environmental Modeling and Software]. Elseiver Publishing. This article extends the identification of human involvement in the sense of existing global warming today. The endangered systems in the environment today results to a less alleviating system of life that could host human activities and this issue is what is featured through this material. This analytical material would increase the validation of the information presented through the research as it would present several cases that are in relation to the issue being tackled in the research. Bruce Barcott. (2008). Our broken home: global warming and habitat loss–caused by us–are driving a mass extinction. (Critical essay): An article from: On Earth [HTML]. Thompson Gale Publishing. This reading has made a certain thought on the part of Barcott’s belief with regards global warming and the relationship of human activities towards the system of natural balancing that later own results to devastating effect for the environment. The particular claims of the author in this reading mainly concerns the presentation of the actual situation in a researchable approach that would most increase the research’s practicality for discussion. Nancy Kress. (2003). Nothing Human. Golden Gryphon Press; 1 edition. Unlike all other literature within the context, this book raises the thought that humans have had nothing to do with the issues of global warming. Most likely, through the arguments hosted in this reading, the ideas of human involvement in the situation have been lifted for clarity. For the sake of argument, this reading would help the researcher in presenting the other side of the issue thus balancing the approach of the discussion to be used by the researcher in the context of the study. Michael E. Schlesinger. (2007). Human-Induced Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Assessment. Cambrsidge University Press; 1 edition. This reading introduces the different ways by which the situation could be dealt with. It also provides response to the different issues of the situation that are related to human involvement in the said environmental phenomena. This reading material shall be a huge help in proving that humans have a great involvement to the situation being dealt with. Likely, the matter is then served in a more case-based explanation. Bill W. Tillery. (2006). Physical Science. McGraw Hill Higher Education; 7th edition. This book introduces the system of environmental balances that are needed to keep the systems of living on earth much possible for existence. This book then shall help in researcher with regards the connection of human activities with certain natural phenomena occurring today.

Poem Summary(Seafarer) - 1454 Words

Poem Summary(seafarer) Lines 1-5 The elegiac, personal tone is established from the beginning. The speaker pleads to his audience about his honesty and his personal self-revelation to come. He tells of the limitless suffering, sorrow, and pain and his long experience in various ships and ports. The speaker never explains exactly why he is driven to take to the ocean. Lines 6-11 Here, the speaker conveys intense, concrete images of cold, anxiety, stormy seas, and rugged shorelines. The comparisons relating to imprisonment are many, combining to drag the speaker into his prolonged state of anguish. The adverse conditions affect both his physical body (his feet) and his spiritual sense of worth (his heart). Lines 12-16 The loneliness and†¦show more content†¦The cuckoo, a bird of happiness and summer, contrasts with the earlier lists of winter ocean birds. The point is that these pleasant summer thoughts also bring the seafarer’s wanderlust back again. The comfortable person mourns but does not understand the reason why he is called to abandon city life and search the frozen, stormy seas. Suffering and exile are not lessons well learned in good weather with city comforts; thus, the speaker implies that everyone must experience deprivation at sea to learn life’s most important lesson — reliance on God. Lines 58-64 In this conclusion of the first major section, the seafarer says that his mind and heart constantly seek to roam the sea because that is acceptance of life itself. The paradox of the seafarer’s excitement at beginning the journey shows his acceptance of suffering to come. Despite knowing of the isolation and deprivation, the speaker still is driven to resume his life at sea. Breaking his ties with humanity, the speaker expresses his thrill at returning to his tortuous wandering. Lines 65-68 The speaker announces the theme of the second section: that the joys of accepting God’s will far exceed any form of wealth or earthly pleasure. Earthly wealth cannot reach heaven, nor can it transcend life. This section grows less personal and becomes mostly theological and didactic in nature. Lines 69-72 Describing three ways of death, the speaker says that no manShow MoreRelatedThe Seafarer, The Wanderer, And The Wifes Lament896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe construction of the English language. Stories or poems told by the community were typically elegies. ‘An elegy is a poem of reflection that’s most commonly used to honor the dead.’ Considering the Anglo-Saxon traits of loneliness,sadness, and tragedy, â€Å"The Seafarer,† â€Å"The Wanderer,† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† all exhibit typical characteristics of this influential time period through the How to Read Poetry notes. To begin with, â€Å"The Seafarer,† â€Å"The Wanderer,† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† all exhibit

Soft Determinism Explained

Soft determinism is the view that determinism and free will are compatible. It is thus a form of compatibilism. The term was coined by the American philosopher William James (1842-1910) in his essay â€Å"The Dilemma of Determinism.† Soft determinism consists of two main claims: 1.  Determinism is true.  Every event, including every human action, is causally determined. If you selected vanilla rather than chocolate ice cream last night, you could not have chosen otherwise given your exact circumstances and condition. Someone with enough knowledge of your circumstances and condition would have been able, in principle, to predict what you would choose. 2.  We act freely when we are not constrained or coerced. If my legs are tied, I am not free to run. If I hand over my wallet to a robber who is pointing a gun at my head, I am not acting freely. Another way of putting this is to say that we act freely when we act on our desires. Soft determinism contrasts with both hard determinism and with what is sometimes called metaphysical libertarianism. Hard determinism asserts that determinism is true and denies that we have free will.  Metaphysical libertarianism (not to be confused with the political doctrine of libertarianism) says that determinism is false since when we act freely some part of the process leading up to the action (e.g. our desire, our decision, or our act of will) is not predetermined. The problem soft determinists face is that of explaining how our actions can be both predetermined but free. Most of them do this by insisting that the notion of freedom, or free will, be understood in a particular way.  They reject the idea that free will must involve some strange metaphysical capacity that each of us has–namely, the ability to initiate an event (e.g. our act of will, or our action) which is not itself causally determined. This libertarian concept of freedom is unintelligible, they argue, and at odds with the prevailing scientific picture. What matters to us, they argue, is that we enjoy some degree of control over and responsibility for our actions. And this requirement is met if our actions flow from (are determined by) our decisions, deliberations, desires, and character.   The Main Objection to Soft Determinism The most common objection to soft determinism is that the notion of freedom it holds onto falls short of what most people mean by free will. Suppose I hypnotize you, and while you are under hypnosis I plant certain desires in your mind: e.g. a desire to get yourself a drink when the clock strikes ten. On the stroke of ten, you get up and pour yourself some water. Have you acted freely? If acting freely simply means doing what you want, acting on your desires, then the answer is yes, you acted freely. But most people would see your action as unfree since, in effect, you are being controlled by someone else.   One could make the example still more dramatic by imagining a mad scientist implanting electrodes in your brain and then triggering in you all sorts of desires and decisions which lead you to perform certain actions. In this case, you would be little more than a puppet in someone else’s hands; yet according to the soft determinist notion of freedom, you would be acting freely. A soft determinist might reply that in such a case we would say you are unfree because you are controlled by someone else. But if the desires, decisions, and volitions (acts of will) that govern your actions are really yours, then it is reasonable to say that you are in control, and hence acting freely.  The critic will point out, though, that according to the soft determinist, your desires, decisions, and volitions–in fact, your entire character–are ultimately determined by other factors that are equally outside your control: e.g. your genetic make up, your upbringing, and your environment.  The upshot is still that you do not, ultimately, have any control over or responsibility for your actions. This line of criticism of soft determinism is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"consequence argument.† Soft Determinism in Contemporary Times Many major philosophers including Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, and Voltaire have defended some form of soft determinism. Some version of it is still probably the most popular view of the free will problem among professional philosophers. Leading contemporary soft determinists include P. F. Strawson, Daniel Dennett, and Harry Frankfurt. Although their positions typically fall within the broad lines described above, they offer sophisticated new versions and defenses. Dennett, for instance, in his book Elbow Room, argues that what we call free will is a highly developed ability, that we have refined in the course of evolution, to envisage future possibilities and to avoid those we don’t like. This concept of freedom (being able to avoid undesirable futures) is compatible with determinism, and it’s all we need. Traditional metaphysical notions of free will that are incompatible with determinism, he argues, are not worth saving.

Health Care System in France - 1715 Words

In 2000, France is ranked first in the health care system throughout the world, while the United States of America (U.S) is ranked 37th (Sharipo, 2008). U.S currently spends around 8,233 dollars per person on health care (Kane, 2012). France spends on average 3300 dollars per person on health care (Sharipo, 2008). Nevertheless, the U.S still spends 17.6 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) goes to the health care system, while France spends 11.4 percent (Kane, 2012). If U.S spends 17.6 percent of the GDP on the health care system, they should have exceptional health care, however, statistical it is untrue. American’s believe that they do have the best health care in the world. However, surgery and hospital stay is more costly in America than other countries. Hospital stay in America is usually 18,000 dollars, while in other countries spends four to five thousands dollar less (Kane, 2012). 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Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Free Essays

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Middletown Hospital is a 200-bed, not-for-profit-general hospital that has an emergency department with 20 emergency beds. The emergency department handles on an average 100 patients per day. The hospital’s CEO has authorized the Six Sigma Team (SST) to address complaints received from patients seeking treatment between 6:00 p. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now m. and 10:00 p. m. The complaints are centered on waiting times and poor service. During this time the data indicates that approximately 70% of the department’s admissions occur (University of Phoenix, 2009, Course Syllabus). To address these complaints and improve performance of the emergency department the Six Sigma Team must understand process improvement proposals. The process must identify the reason of the bottleneck; identify the correct data collection method; the use of capacity planning; accurate analysis of the scheduling and controlling techniques; and identify a recommendation on staffing or alternative sources of care. Process Improvement Proposals A process improvement proposal is a mechanism to define the opportunities needed to reduce the number of steps, interactions, decision points, reports, and the length of the defined practice (Langabeer, 2008). Three key areas need to be addressed when improving a current practice. According to Langabeer (2008), these areas include increasing capacity, reducing the use of resources, and reducing the amount of variation (p. 79). For example, if the emergency department is currently seeing patients at a rate of four per hour during normal business hours, and this rate drops to one per hour during the period listed a bottleneck will result. To address this issue the department needs to provide the resources necessary to avoid the problem. However, when the reason for the bottleneck is known the correction must include steps to preserve resources. These steps must address reducing the cost per patient, removing excessive steps, and exposures that are unnecessary. Because the data shows the bottleneck occurring after normal business hours the third key area is equally important for successful performance. This area involves the development of control tools. These tools will assist the department when variation occurs, these tools can include the development of contingency plans to use other hospital resources available after normal business hours; for example the use of clinical examination rooms for patient overflow. Process of Improvement Method Edward Deming introduces a method known as the Deming Cycle to identify bottlenecks within organizational structures. The Deming Cycle comprised of a continuous process cycle that involve planning, implementation, assessment and decision-making. Deming postulated that â€Å"business processes should be analyzed and measured to identify sources of variations that cause products to deviate from customer requirement† (Arveson, 1998, para 1). Each step gives operation managers the feedback needed to determine if they are meeting current objectives. Arveson also suggest that this checklist will help reduce bottlenecks from happening while increasing productivity within every department. Comparing the Middleton Hospital use of Six Sigma methodology to Deming Cycle both methods can help reduce bottlenecks issues with waiting time that occurs during interval time of 6:00 p. . to 10:00 p. m. Six Sigma methodology uses phases of defining a problem and provide an alternative solution to the problem. The next phase includes measuring the solution’s outcomes, analyzing the outcomes’ goals and effectiveness, improving any flaws that was identified in the improvement process, and controlling any costs or activities to contain cost and resource deficiency (National Association of Health Care Quality, 2009). The Six Sigma system addresses each problem measuring a quantitative solution to be addressed by upper management and delivered to department heads for implementation. Appropriate Collection Methods Middletown Hospital needs to look at different ways of collecting data. Data collection can be subdivided into three categories with service type, department, and floor. This collection of data is valuable tool that managers need to have in order to understand the flow of business within each department. With the collection of data it will allow managers to calculate the volumes of patients during specific times. The SST will require data collected from all computers used to monitor access to the admission system. Additional data will have specific times at which the patient reported to various stations of treatment, and when the patient was discharged. A multivariate trend forecasting method will be more appropriate in this setting; the use of multiple variables about the item being forecasted allows seasons and cycles to be combined with other variables and improve forecast accuracy (Langabeer, 2008). This will give operation managers better forecasting abilities as they will be able to see trends. Finally, the SST will need to analyze the amount of resources or assets available to serve demand (Langabeer, 2008). Quantitative data needed to measure capacity will include: the number of available beds and treatment rooms, the number of key providers and other staff available at each point of care between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. , and availability of key medical technologies and equipment. Examples of key medical equipment are diagnostic imaging, X-ray and laboratory equipment. Methods to Analyze The first step in analyzing the cause of Middletown Hospital’s emergency department bottleneck is to perform a capacity analysis that will help to identify appropriate assets and resources to serve the increased need within each emergency department. The analysis should capture statistical data in time series format that will show sequential data recorded during different time periods throughout the day. Data should be included from time periods when the emergency room is successful in handling demand as well as occurrences of the bottleneck. Creation of a control chart can also be useful in discovering areas of daily operations that are contributing to the current issue of meeting demand. Middletown Hospital is aware that they can not keep up with the demand placed upon each department with current needs. In knowing the limitations, data from the other 20 hours in which emergency department is in operation can be used to obtain values for a mean and average to be used to create a control limit. Taking data from the entire day can be used to obtain a standard deviation value as well. Data and observations that show a large deviation from the mean will alert the staff to areas that need to be updated or streamlined. The control data that is being recorded should be able to define staff ratios, numbers of patients seen, time of day, day of the week, equipment or technology malfunctions, ime of patient visit, reason, and duration. A control chart can help Middletown Hospital distinguish normal and abnormal processes within their patient delivery service. Bottlenecks Operation managers need to handle many different jobs at once. These jobs can be dealing with bottlenecks, and forecasting. Operation managers need to look at current flow of business to determine the proper amount of staffing needed to handle problems in the future. By working with an accurate forecast managers are able to see what is expected and when the flow of business will occur. When increasing staffing in any department the profitability will decrease at start, but soon will rebound as more patients realize they are receiving treatment at a faster pace. According to Langabeer (2008), one of the keys to increase throughput or capacity is to remove these obstacles or bottlenecks, which is called de-bottlenecking (p. 96). Increasing the number of staff on during peak times it will be easy to reduce the number of complaints and increase the profitability of every department. Being able to remove the barriers will allow managers to see the results within days instead of weeks. Within any department comes demand and being able to predict the demand allows managers to become better forecasters. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"forecasting is a collaborative process that estimates the volume of patients that will be served over a specific time period. More precisely, it is a projection of demand that will occur along three dimensions: service type, location, and time dimensions† (p. 97-98). Managers will have to better look at the forecasting they are doing in order to make sure they are using the most current data in order to predict flow and handle problems. Recommendation on Staffing Middletown hospital’s ability to move patients smoothly through the emergency department has become a conversation of complaint for patients. Due to the high volume of patients being seen during the hours of 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. changes need to be made to optimize waiting times and efficiently treat patients. The emergency department is averaging 100 patients per day which, means that 70 of them are coming through the emergency department between 6:00 p. m. and 9:00 p. m. According to Langabeer (2008), in health care, wait times are frequently a source of poor patient satisfaction and process inefficiency (p. 10). The hospital emergency department is currently plagued with a lack of staff scheduled at key times and needs to look at alternatives to better manage the movement of patients. Creating a solution for Middletown hospital means using multiple channel servers to reduce check in time and maximize on hand staff’s time management. Because a majority of the iss ues arise at a key time in the day the revision of the patient routing and flow is required. According to Hall (2006), therefore, by altering patient routing and flow, it may be possible to minimize patient waiting times and increase staff utilization (p. 221). Bottlenecks occur in a hospital emergency department because of the triage concept of putting most significant injuries first. This means many minor care issues will be pushed back. Combating this issue creating a fast track lane to handle minor care issues will decrease patient complaints and wait time. These concepts should reduce the wait time of patients within this three hour block and maximize their experience in the emergency department at Middletown hospital. Conclusion Bottleneck is often the result of an organization lacking the capacity to meet the needs of clients in delivering a particular service. Middletown hospital was given a recommendation to review its current organization capacity by examining their processes, resources, technology. Middletown hospital was able to define other available resources which could be used to assist with meeting their patient demand. Reference Arveson, P. (1998). The Deming Cycle. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. balancedscorecard. org/TheDemingCycle/tabid/112/Default. aspx Hall, R. (2006). Patient flow: reducing delay in healthcare delivery. Los Angeles, CA: Springer Science Business Media, LLC. Langabeer, J. (2008). Health care operations management: A quantitative approach to business and logistics [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Sudbury,MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix, OPS/HC571 Health Care Operations Management Web site. National Association of Healthcare Quality. (2009). JHQ 174: Lean Six Sigma in health care. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. nahq. org/journal/ce/article. html? article_id=250 University of Phoenix. (2009). OPS/HC571 course syllabus. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix OPS/HC571- Course Materials Web site. How to cite Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal, Papers

Audit Opinion Australian Accounting Standards Board

Questions: 1. The Croucher company has been valuing its buildings using the fair value method .Its buildings are currently shown in the balance sheet at their current market value of 18.5 million. The buildings had originally cost 12 million.2. The Kaycee company values its inventory at LIFO and is unwilling to change it to FIFO as required by the Australian accounting standards.The amount of the misstatement is known and is limited to its effect on the inventory .3. The Genome company has prepared its financial statements but has left out details of its related party disclosures due to privacy issues.This information is required to be included under the Australian accounting standards and while the effects are material they are able to be calculated. Answers: 1. According to Australian Accounting Standards Board, AASB 116, any property, plant or equipment, from which any economic future benefits are derived shall be measured and recognised at cost only. Any discrepancy shall not be considered as valid and correct. In the given case, the buildings would be valued and shown in balance sheet at the cost only, i.e. at $ 12 million. Hence, the auditor should ask the management to adjust such discrepancy. If the management refuses to adjust the same, the auditor should issue a qualified or adverse audit opinion. Before making any decision, the auditor should effectively communicate with those charged with governance, and only if, the top managerial persons refuse to make the desired and proposed changes, the auditor should give a disclaimer / adverse opinion. The auditor should clearly state about the action of the management on such a material issue and clearly state his opinion in the audit report. 2. According to Australian Accounting Standards Board, AASB 102, the inventories should be valued according to the First in first out method (FIFO) or the weighted average formula. Any discrepancy shall not be considered as valid and correct . Since the company refuses to change its cost formula to FIFO, as an auditor, you can give a qualified or adverse audit opinion. The auditor should begin with requesting the management to make the desired changes. And the management should adhere to, and respond positively to all the directions given by the auditor. If the management restrains from making the desired changes, then, the auditor should communicate with those charged with governance and straightaway, if the default is arising since more than a year, then, he should refuse such audit engagement. And once the auditor refuses his audit engagement, then, he shall no longer be liable or act as a representation to the company for taxation or financial matters. 3. According to Australian laws, the management of the company is responsible for the identification, disclosure and accounting of the related party transactions. Related party transactions refer to those transactions which the company incurs between the company and its directors or managers or any family members of such directors or managers. If the auditor finds that the company engages himself in such related party transactions but, the required related party disclosures are not being made, then, he should decide whether the financial statements of the company are misleading due to the above effects and if yes, then communicate it with those charged with governance and reflect in the audit report as qualified/ adverse opinion. If the company continues such default in the disclosure of related party transactions for more than a year, then, he should resign himself from conducting such audit and inform about any such default of the company to the other professionals proposed to be appointed as the auditor, in his place. This is a statutory discipline to be adhered to by the auditing professionals.